木质素基碳材料的改性及其在超级电容器中的应用研究进展

Research Progress on the Modification of Lignin-based Carbon Materials and Their Application in Supercapacitors

关键词:  杂原子掺杂  木质素  木质素基碳材料  超级电容器

Key Words:heteroatom doping  lignin  lignin-based carbon materials  supercapacitors

摘要:木质素是一种储量丰富、价格低廉且含碳量高的可再生生物质资源，分子骨架上丰富的官能团，如酚羟基、醇羟基、羧基和甲氧基等，可为木质素的化学改性提供足够的反应位点。木质素的分子结构设计灵活性和多样性适合制备杂原子掺杂的碳材料，通过在木质素结构中引入不同的杂原子（如氮、硫、磷等），可制备比表面积大、孔隙结构丰富与表面活性点位多的杂原子掺杂木质素基碳材料。本文综述了国内外近年来关于杂原子掺杂木质素基碳材料的制备方法（包括活化法、水热法、热解法、模板法和后处理法等）、杂原子掺杂的机理，以及在制备过程中影响碳材料孔隙结构的影响因素；并给出在制备、结构、应用等方面的可能研究方向，以实现木质素基碳材料在超级电容器中的高价值应用。

Abstract:Lignin is a renewable bioresource with abundant reserves， low price， and high carbon content because of the abundant functional groups， such as phenolic hydroxyl， alcoholic hydroxyl， carboxyl， and methoxyl groups， which can provide sufficient reaction sites for the chemical modification of lignin. The flexibility and diversity of lignin’s molecular structure design are suitable for the preparation of heteroatom-doped carbon materials. Heteroatom-doped lignin-based carbon materials with large specific surface area and rich pore structure with many surface active sites are prepared by introducing different heteroatoms （e.g.， nitrogen， sulfur， and phosphorus， etc.） into the lignin structure. This paper reviewed the preparation methods of heteroatom-doped lignin-based carbon materials （including activation， hydrothermal， pyrolysis， template， and post-processing methods， etc.）， the mechanism of heteroatom doping， and the influencing factors affecting the pore structure of the carbon materials in the process of preparation in recent years at home and abroad. Possible research directions in preparation， structure， and application were also given to realise the high-value application of lignin-based carbon materials in supercapacitors.